Master and slave operation Essay

Bluetooth gadgets exist in little impromptu system arrangement with the capacity to work as either ace or the slave; the detail additionally permits a component for ace and slave to switch their jobs. The designs can be single point, which is the most straightforward arrangement with one ace and one slave. Multipoint, called a Piconet, in view of up to 7 slaves grouped around a solitary Master. Furthermore, a third sort called a Scatternet, this is a gathering of Piconets successfully hubbed by means of a solitary Bluetooth gadget going about as an ace in one Piconet and a slave in the other Piconet. The Scatternet allows either bigger inclusion zones or number of gadgets than a solitary Piconet can offer. Figure 5 layouts the diverse ace and slave topologies allowed for systems in the norm (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). The job of the ace is to control the accessible transfer speed between the slaves, it computes and apportions how frequently to speak with each slave and secures them in the proper recurrence jumping succession. The determination depicts a calculation that ascertains the jump grouping, the seed being founded on the master’s gadget address and clock. Notwithstanding jump grouping control, the ace is answerable for transmit control by partitioning the system into a progression of time allotments among the net individuals, as a major aspect of a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) plot. These time allotments can comprise of information and conceivably extra voice traffic I. e. you will consistently require an information channel before you can include a voice channel. The time allotment is characterized as 625  µs and all bundle traffic is distributed 1, 3 or 5 openings, assembled in transmit and get sets. Before association a few activities, for example, request, paging and filtering tasks may in some cases happen on half openings (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Figure 5: Point to point, Piconet and Scatternet. A. 2. 3 Voice and Data Links. Bluetooth conveys correspondence traffic more than two kinds of air interface joins characterized as Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) or Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO). During an association the connections convey voice and information traffic in the schedule openings and are ordered as either time basic, as utilized for voice and sound, or fast non-time basic information with a component for affirmation and re-transmission. The principal connect built up among ace and slave is the ACL connection and conveys fast information that is heartless toward time. It is parcel exchanged, as the information is irregular in nature, nonconcurrent, contains uneven and symmetric administrations and utilizations a surveying access conspire. An ace might be allowed to have various ACL interfaces up to the most extreme number of slaves allowed by the determination yet just one connection is permitted between any two gadgets (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). When an ACL has been built up a SCO connection can be made on the ACL interface. The SCO connect is circuit exchanged; it has symmetric coordinated administrations and has opening reservation at fixed stretches, making it appropriate for time basic information, for example, voice. The detail confines the quantity of SCO joins that an ace can support to three. Summing up the two kinds of connections: ACL ? Parcel built of a 72 piece get to code, a 54 piece bundle header, a 16 piece CRC and Payload information ? Biggest information parcel is DH5 giving 723. 2 Kb/s as most noteworthy information rate one way. ? Non time basic information ? Nonconcurrent ? Parcel exchanged ? Surveying access SCO ? Same access code and header as ACL bundles ? ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and SEQ (SEQuence) banners repetitive since stream control and re-transmissions don't have any significant bearing ? Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) field is missing? Payload fixed at 30 bytes, with source information of 10, 20 or 30 bytes ? Circuit exchanged ? Symmetric coordinated administrations ? Space reservation at fixed stretches An extraordinary case exists that blends SCO and ACL bundles. Known as the Data Voice (DV) parcel it conveys information and voice on ordinary stretches like the SCO. The voice information has no stream control or CRC according to SCO bundles, though the information part of the DV parcel has stream control, re-transmission of the information part is allowed and the information part is CRC ensured (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†).

Army Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Armed force Family - Essay Example I understood what shading I was, however that truly didn’t appear to influence anything in the networks where I was growing up. Base lodging was exceptionally different and I understood that there were definitely more white children than dark children. In any case, I additionally saw that there were more dark children than Hispanic children and Asian children also. I had companions, dear companions, everything being equal, as did my folks. We headed toward the Hispanic family nearby for dinner and they cam to us. Just they weren’t ever seen as Hispanic. They were only the Ramirez’s. I do recollect heading off to certain gatherings when I was a child and we all were a similar race. I do recall thinking, â€Å"This is unusual. Where are the Ramirez’s?† I have no clue if these gatherings were arranged with the goal that everyone was a similar race as my folks or not, however I kind of uncertainty it. So I think about what I am attempting to state is, a s a child experiencing childhood in military lodging, I never however about race by any stretch of the imagination, mine or anybody else’s. At the point when I showed up in North Carolina, I previously got mindful of race. For a certain something, I saw that individuals of a similar shading would in general remain together. There appeared to be a standard that said individuals of various hues didn’t blend. I saw it immediately and got some information about it. She basically expressed that things are distinctive all over and that in North Carolina, that’s simply the manner in which it was. ... also, Asian children obviously simply needed to make sense of another thing to do than have companions on the grounds that there weren’t a significant number of them on base around then in North Carolina. I can genuinely say I didn’t attempt to challenge the standard in any capacity. At the point when you are new to a base, the children that approach you initially are the children that become your companions. At the point when just children of your equivalent race approach you, well then that is the companions you have. I thought it was bizarre from the outset, and afterward following a year it was entirely typical. The second exercise about race I learned was that a few races are superior to others at specific things. Dark children can run quick and move best. They tune in to rap music and play b-ball. White children are most intelligent and are better at sports like baseball. Hispanic children play soccer and have bunches of sisters and siblings. Just because, I was a cquainted with racial generalizations and this I battled with. I didn’t fit into the meaning of any of these races. I was brilliant, marvelous at ball and had five siblings and sisters. I could have been white, dark or Hispanic. Be that as it may, just because, I had an inclination that I needed to make light of a part of who I was on the grounds that I needed to adjust to someone else’s thought of what I should be founded on my race. The last thing I found out about race in North Carolina is that individuals of various races had dreadful names for one another. It was in North Carolina that I heard racial designations, from all races, just because. Maybe I was amazingly protected growing up. I can say that I wouldn’t exchange it for anything. I feel as if I despite everything have a great deal of that pre-North Carolina individual in me. I despite everything see shading, not race. I have a more nuanced comprehension of what race implies in a cultural setting, ho wever actually I despite everything am to a great extent unconscious of

Turning Point free essay sample

Summer occupations are a transitional experience for all young people, and my first summer work at first was no exemption. Last June I joined the lifeguarding staff at Wild Island Water Park. My thought processes were tanning, talking, and messaging forthcoming beaus. Notwithstanding passing my Advanced Lifesaving course, I got preparing in pool science, washroom support, and essential discretion as for our demographic. Despite the fact that we performed bores each day for different crises, no onemyself included-expected ever to really deal with a dangerous circumstance. Be that as it may, the day came when I saved a one-year-old from unavoidable passing. My activities in those minutes alarmed me, thrilled me, however left me somehow or another with more vulnerability than I had ever had previously. I had safeguarded another individual from suffocating, however wound up swimming in certain inquiries in regards to human needs, human qualities, and my own capacity to astound myself. At age fifteen, I realized what was likely the most important and powerful exercise of my life-the estimation of life itself. We will compose a custom exposition test on Defining moment or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It was my first day of work as a lifeguard. There was the same old thing about the climate conditions, the water was clear, and the waterpark wasn’t especially swarmed. This is the reason it came as an amazement to me when my eyes looked over a baby lying face down on the outside of the water. My first response was stun there was a conceivably dead kid directly before me. Time appeared to stop, sounds got muted and I’m sure my movements were ungraceful as I raced to the center of the kiddie pool to snatch the infant. My brain and my body appeared to isolate. I knew this, since I don’t recall thinking much by any stretch of the imagination, be that as it may, my body appeared to rush to the pool, get the child, take the infant back to dry land, start evaluating its’ condition, and giving the correct consideration all on its’ own, all in under a moment. Between having individuals swarm around me, and jabbing and goading the youngster, I figured out ho w to evaluate that the kid was cognizant, yet not responsive, as she had gagged on a lot of water. I started to convey chest and back blows, which viably cleared the water from her aviation route, and she started to inhale once more. Absent a lot of time to consider what had simply occurred, I was cleared away by my chief and asked what appeared to be a million inquiries immediately. I attempted to answer every one of them as well as could be expected. In the wake of getting the entirety of the subtleties down, I went to go plunk down for somewhat this was the first occasion when I had a second to consider what had happened. Other than as yet being somewhat more than stunned, I suspected of the picture of the child lying face down in the water, and how on the off chance that I had held up a second later, it might have been past the point of no return and she would have gone oblivious and perhaps kicked the bucket. The possibility that life was delicate to such an extent, that it lays on the pinpoint of a solitary second gradually filled my head, and has stayed there here and there or another from that point forward. For the following year, I started to live more intellectually than genuinely from a totally differ ent point of view. I never went out without taking a gander at individuals and thinking about whether anybody sees life as far as I can tell through my eyes. The careless things a few people decide to do typically lead me to think not. I don't intend to state that you ought not have a ton of fun, or face challenges, on the grounds that that’s somewhat strange, and I would be a scoundrel in the event that I said you should. Life is intended to be lived to the fullest as I would see it, dangers taken or not. I just mean to point out that now and again it is proper to think about the estimation of your own life, and if the choice you are going to make merits losing your life over. I was certain that I could always remember this experience. In any case, somehow or another, I wasn't right. Following a year had passed, I understood that this experience didn’t influence me about as much as it had previously. I figured, how could something as huge as sparing another human†™s life, simply sneak away like that? In any case, I understood, that much like other groundbreaking encounters, individuals in the end mend after some time, and put the recollections into the rear of their heads. It is just human instinct. Things leave, individuals change and overlook. In spite of the fact that typically it is generally advantageous, I think individuals need an encounter this way, to give them how valuable life is, and how rapidly it tends to be taken from you so as to live it without limit.

Factors Affecting Organizational Management - 1650 Words

Factors Affecting Organizational Management (Essay Sample) Content: Factors Affecting Organizational ManagementStudents NameInstitutions NameIntroductionIn the current times, organizations performance in a political, economic and social environment undergo radical changes. With such aggressive viewpoints, organizations should be able to adapt in order to maintain their nature of the competitive environment. Also increase in productivity, working conditions in business environment and the development of e-commerce. According to Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, (2003), information technology application in the business activities lead to management improvement in the Directorial structure. Framework approaches in outlining their authority and communication processes like; policies, responsibilities for each individual and rules in the institution. There are several factors affecting organizational management. The Sole proprietorship are responsible for creating their companies organizational structure and frameworks like the large institutions. The below factors affect organizational management of the business. SizeSize is the driving factor in the management of establishments. Home bases and small sized organizations usually dont have complex management structures. This is because the business owner is responsible for all the management tasks. Larger business organizations requires a more intense framework in terms of management. The companies which have more employee departments require more managers so as to accomplish their purpose as institutions (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).Business environmentThe external business environment determine the management structure. Dynamic environments where the behaviors or the desires of the consumer is more turbulent, results to complexity in the administration than the stable environments. This is because the consumer demands need to be met for the institution to survive in the long-run (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).Strength/skills of the employeesThis is a significant internal b usiness factor. It is essential to check whether the employees are hardworking, talented or motivated. This make them to be more productive. The managerial processes and relationships within the departments plays a key role in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the personnel. High performing workplaces result from employee and the executive collaboration. This is primarily the strengths and the weaknesses evaluation. These weakness have harmful effects in the organization. Other internal factors which require specialized management include; financial resource which entails investment-funding, income sources and market opportunities (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003). Business location, facilities and the equipment form the physical environment. Human resources, for instance, the employees, the target audiences and the volunteers. Accessibility to the natural resources, copyrights, patents and the trademarks. Current business processes. This includes employees program, departm ental hierarchies and software systems. These internal business environment affects either positively or negatively the management of the business organization (Read, 1959).Business operationsEssentially, this is the part of the administrative and operational procedures. It entails the disorganization and inaccurate record keeping. The important factors to evaluate include the interruptions to the supply chain, the faulty IT systems and errors of employees within an organization. Proper management in an organization is crucial so that the consumers dont see the business as unreliable. Improper business management also results in interruption of business activities and loss of business records (Read, 1959).Strategic risksThis risks affects the organizational ability to achieve stipulated goals in the business plan. The contributing aspects to this risks are the changes in the technology and the customers demands. These factors poses threats to the way employees perceive the products in the business. Proper management is crucial in the business organizations pertaining the strategic risks. Improper management influences the managerial procedures whereby the customers might see the products are being overpriced, outdated and generally dull (Read, 1959).InnovationAny business need innovation in order to keep up with the competitors. The idea is to always get ahead in the daily operations. This entails advancement in technology and other innovative ideas which make the institution best. Poor management in the organization means there will be no innovation which pose a serious risks in the growth and the advancement of business. In cases where there is no innovation, the company generally will be boring, dull, irrelevant and stagnant (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003). Financial managementManaging finance is a key factor in any business organization. Financial risks depends on the financial structure in any business. Proper management is crucial. This applies to the bus iness transactions and the management of the financial system. A good example includes the changes in the rates of interest and market expansion (Read, 1959).Risks of the employeesManagement of human resource is a significant aspect in any business organization. There are several risks which are associated with the employees. For example strikes in the establishment can lead to a serious problems. Among them include poor performance and losses, misappropriation of funds and embezzlement (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).The sex of the employersThis by a large instance affects the culture in any organization. In the organizations with more male workers than their feminine counterparts, have culture in which there is late sittings as a normal feature. It is evident that the male employees are more dominant than female, who rather are softhearted and caring. This affects the speed a... Factors Affecting Organizational Management - 1650 Words Factors Affecting Organizational Management (Essay Sample) Content: Factors Affecting Organizational ManagementStudents NameInstitutions NameIntroductionIn the current times, organizations performance in a political, economic and social environment undergo radical changes. With such aggressive viewpoints, organizations should be able to adapt in order to maintain their nature of the competitive environment. Also increase in productivity, working conditions in business environment and the development of e-commerce. According to Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, (2003), information technology application in the business activities lead to management improvement in the Directorial structure. Framework approaches in outlining their authority and communication processes like; policies, responsibilities for each individual and rules in the institution. There are several factors affecting organizational management. The Sole proprietorship are responsible for creating their companies organizational structure and frameworks like the large institutions. The below factors affect organizational management of the business. SizeSize is the driving factor in the management of establishments. Home bases and small sized organizations usually dont have complex management structures. This is because the business owner is responsible for all the management tasks. Larger business organizations requires a more intense framework in terms of management. The companies which have more employee departments require more managers so as to accomplish their purpose as institutions (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).Business environmentThe external business environment determine the management structure. Dynamic environments where the behaviors or the desires of the consumer is more turbulent, results to complexity in the administration than the stable environments. This is because the consumer demands need to be met for the institution to survive in the long-run (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).Strength/skills of the employeesThis is a significant internal b usiness factor. It is essential to check whether the employees are hardworking, talented or motivated. This make them to be more productive. The managerial processes and relationships within the departments plays a key role in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the personnel. High performing workplaces result from employee and the executive collaboration. This is primarily the strengths and the weaknesses evaluation. These weakness have harmful effects in the organization. Other internal factors which require specialized management include; financial resource which entails investment-funding, income sources and market opportunities (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003). Business location, facilities and the equipment form the physical environment. Human resources, for instance, the employees, the target audiences and the volunteers. Accessibility to the natural resources, copyrights, patents and the trademarks. Current business processes. This includes employees program, departm ental hierarchies and software systems. These internal business environment affects either positively or negatively the management of the business organization (Read, 1959).Business operationsEssentially, this is the part of the administrative and operational procedures. It entails the disorganization and inaccurate record keeping. The important factors to evaluate include the interruptions to the supply chain, the faulty IT systems and errors of employees within an organization. Proper management in an organization is crucial so that the consumers dont see the business as unreliable. Improper business management also results in interruption of business activities and loss of business records (Read, 1959).Strategic risksThis risks affects the organizational ability to achieve stipulated goals in the business plan. The contributing aspects to this risks are the changes in the technology and the customers demands. These factors poses threats to the way employees perceive the products in the business. Proper management is crucial in the business organizations pertaining the strategic risks. Improper management influences the managerial procedures whereby the customers might see the products are being overpriced, outdated and generally dull (Read, 1959).InnovationAny business need innovation in order to keep up with the competitors. The idea is to always get ahead in the daily operations. This entails advancement in technology and other innovative ideas which make the institution best. Poor management in the organization means there will be no innovation which pose a serious risks in the growth and the advancement of business. In cases where there is no innovation, the company generally will be boring, dull, irrelevant and stagnant (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003). Financial managementManaging finance is a key factor in any business organization. Financial risks depends on the financial structure in any business. Proper management is crucial. This applies to the bus iness transactions and the management of the financial system. A good example includes the changes in the rates of interest and market expansion (Read, 1959).Risks of the employeesManagement of human resource is a significant aspect in any business organization. There are several risks which are associated with the employees. For example strikes in the establishment can lead to a serious problems. Among them include poor performance and losses, misappropriation of funds and embezzlement (Ackerman, Pipek, Wulf, 2003).The sex of the employersThis by a large instance affects the culture in any organization. In the organizations with more male workers than their feminine counterparts, have culture in which there is late sittings as a normal feature. It is evident that the male employees are more dominant than female, who rather are softhearted and caring. This affects the speed a...

Special Education Jobs Without College Degrees

Not all people who work directly with a special education need to have a degree or certification in the field. Here are some options for a special education career if you dont have the usual degree. Support Staff Support staff, who work as wrap around or classroom aides, work directly with children but are not required to have college degrees or certification in special education. Some college can be helpful, and because support staff does not take their work home--ie. plan or write reports, it is often rewarding work with little stress. Some training may be required, but the district, school or agency who employs you will provide it. Therapeutic Support Staff (TSS) Often referred to as a wrap around a TSS is assigned to assist a single student. They are often provided by a county mental health agency or other outside agency at the request of the parents and school district. The responsibilities of the TSS revolve around that single student. That child may have been identified as needing wrap around support because of emotional, behavioral or physical needs that require individual attention. The first responsibility of a TSS is to be sure a childs Behavior Improvement Plan (BIP) is followed. The TSS will see that the student stays on task and that besides supporting the student in participating appropriately in class, the TSS also sees that the student does not disrupt the educational progress of other students. They are often provided in order to help a student stay in their neighborhood school in a general education classroom. School districts or agencies will hire the TSSs for students. Check with your local school to see if they hire TSSs, or whether you should contact an agency or perhaps the Intermediate Unit in your county. College is not usually required, but some college credits in social services, psychology or education can be helpful, as well as experience and interest in working with children. TSSs make something between minimum wage and $13 an hour, 30 to 35 hours a week. Classroom Aide School district will hire classroom aides to assist special education teachers, occupation therapists or in full inclusion classrooms to provide support to students with disabilities. Classroom aides may be expected to provide toileting, hygiene or hand over hand support to children with more severe disabilities. Learning support children need less direct support: they need help completing assignments, checking homework, playing drill games, or working on spelling assignments. Classroom aides are hired by the hour, and work between the time the students arrive and the students leave. They work during the school year this is often a great job for a mother who wants to home when her children are home. A college education is not required, but having some college in a related field can be helpful. Classroom aides usually make something between minimum wage and $13 an hour. Large districts may provide benefits. Suburban and rural districts seldom do. Para-Professionals Can Make a Special Education Program. The teacher with whom a paraprofessional works are responsible for a childs special education program as defined by their IEP. A good para-professional pays attention to what the teacher wants him or her to do. Often these tasks are laid out explicitly, sometimes they are a continuation of activities that have supported learning in the past. A great para-professional anticipates what is necessary to keep students on task, and when the teacher needs to hand off a child to the para-professional so the teacher can move on to other children. Para-professionals need to remember they have not been hired to babysit or to become the childs best friend. They need strong, responsible adults who will encourage them to give their best, stay on task and participate in their class.

Leadership As A Great Leader Essay - 2095 Words

Leadership is a broad term that can be defined in many ways. Strong leaders have been found throughout history. There are many example of great leadership and some leaders who lead individuals in the wrong direction, including the infamous Adolf Hitler. Other positive influenced leaders include Charlemagne Sir Winston Churchill and Julius Caesar and many many more. Leaders can be found in classrooms, multi-billion dollar corporations, churches etc. In fact, leaders are found in almost all aspects of life wither we realize it or not. As you may assume this paper is devoted to leadership. It will look over the definition of leadership, leadership within a business and look at some examples of what it takes to be a great leader. Next we will look at moral leadership, followed by some theories and challenges within leadership. Leadership can be the difference between success and failure. The greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does the greatest things. He is the one that gets the people to do the greatest things. -Ronald Reagan Leadership is a trait that is extremely valuable in any society. Leadership is known as a process of people attempting to make a difference in a situation, but I feel it is better said to be a way of influencing others actions. Being a leader one must maintain an image of being a positive role model. The concept of leadership is way of influencing others actions. Leadership is concept usually connected to a great leader that affected his orShow MoreRelatedLeadership : A Great Leader1551 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership What or who comes to mind when you think about leadership? What is leadership? Leadership is defined as the action of leading a group or an organization. Leadership is not just about leading; it is about being able to lead even with the greatest of adversaries throwing everything they can at you and still being able to succeed as a great leader. When I think about leadership only one man comes to mind, Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Jesus of Nazareth was an extremely important figure in theRead MoreLeadership Of A Great Leader1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe approach to leadership is to demonstrate the capability of becoming a great leader, yet high neuroticism is expected to disturb leading the group. Neuroticism is defined as a major personality domain contrasting adaptation or emotional stability along with neurotic or unfavourable emotionality. Leader having a confidence is very important to lead the group. If the leader does not have enough confidence in leading the group, then the gr oup will start to have problems. According to De Cremer andRead MoreLeadership Characteristics Of A Great Leader1064 Words   |  5 Pageselection year. This directs attention towards leadership, and most Americans simply trust that these potential candidates display leadership characteristics. Unfortunately, politicians don’t always exemplify leadership, and many Americans experience poor leaders daily such as dreadful bosses. Because of these commonplace experiences, leadership may not appear as a direct character trait. Fortunately, I experience great leadership daily between two great leaders I follow, Chad Miller and Kara Popp. AdaptableRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Great Leader882 Words   |  4 Pages A great leader is defined as one who has the ability to use all different styles of leadership styles intermittently depending on the circumstances. There is no one style of leading that can be used as a cure all for every circumstance. There are many different ways o f being a leader, as well as many different varieties of leaders. There isn’t necessarily a right and a wrong style of leading. However, there are circumstances that may benefit more from a specific style of leadership. 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I achieved this by studying the leadership of five of the greatest Management Gurus of my time. These leaders made significant contribution across different industries andRead Mor eServant Leadership : What Makes A Great Leader?1056 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership; many articles, and speakers discuss what makes a great leader and they all seem to be experts. Leadership has been studied and changed consistently the last two centuries. Lately servant leadership has been a popular focus, but what is servant leadership? When the question is asked the first response that usually comes to one’s mind, is a leadership practice with religious background. This thought is kind of true, servant leadership can be traced back to many religions, but it is alsoRead MoreLeadership Profile : What Makes A Great Leader? Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is leadership profile and what it means to you as an individual? What makes a great leader? These are questions that have been asked and researched for years. Well, I’m going to try to explain my theory on what leadership profile means from my point of view. Leadership profile is the mode you view a leader from your observation on how they lead. Research has been conducted by Evans., and Matthew (2016) at Development Dimensions (DDI) International exam database of assessment data for more theRead MoreLeadership Qualities Of The Great Leaders Of Our Time1833 Words   |  8 Pagesship, but it takes a Leader to chart the course† (Maxwell viii). Leadership. This concept has created many debates throughout history. What does it take to be classified as a great leader? What intangible characteristics are inherent to the great leaders of our time? Why have so many failed when put into a leadership role? During my 27 plus years in the military and over 20 years in the construction industry, I have been exposed to a wide variety of leaders and their leadership style. These examplesRead MoreWhat Is Leadership And Who Makes A Great Leader? Us Academic Environments Define Leadership?919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is leadership and who makes a great leader? US academic environments define leader ship as â€Å"a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in accomplishment of a common task† (Chemers, 1997). Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interactions, functions, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence as important facets of leadership. Therefore, leadership is about being able to articulate ones vision

Personality Analysis of Walter White free essay sample

Walter White, played by Bryan Cranston, is the main character of AMC’s hit drama Breaking Bad. The massively popular show first aired in 2008 and has since completed five seasons with more to come. Cranston was previously very well-known for his role as the father on the comedy Malcolm in the Middle, a very different role from this. Other recognized members of the cast include creator Vince Gilligan, writer and executive producer for X-Files, and co-star Aaron Paul, who has appeared in a number of films and commercials. This show is easily regarded as the highest point for each of these men’s careers. Breaking Bad tells the story of Walter White, who is initially portrayed as the most boring, stereotypical middle-aged white man possible. He has a very 90’s look to himself, from his haircut to large moustache to neutral colored outfits. He works as a high school chemistry teacher, preaching to obviously disinterested kids who are fighting to stay awake in his classes. Walter also has to work a second job at a car wash to supplement his teacher salary. He is married to Skylar and has a teenage son named Walter Jr. who has cerebral palsy. He also has a baby girl named Holly who is born at the end of season two. Skylar’s sister, Marie Schrader, and her husband, Hank, are also very involved in the White’s life and are treated as immediate family. Walter’s life takes a traumatic turn when he learns that he has lung cancer and is only expected to live another few years with treatment. His only concern upon learning this is the financial burden this will place upon his family. They were already tight on money with Walter Jr. ’s medical bills and the upcoming birth of a second child. Because of this, Walter initially refuses chemotherapy, claiming he wants to live out his days in the comfort of his own home with his family. However, when he is convinced by his family to go ahead with the treatment, Walter takes it upon himself to find a way to ensure that medical bills will not always being looming over his family. He does this by deciding to sell crystal methamphetamine with a former druggie student of his, Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul). The show is the story of the double life that Walter develops and all the lies and roles he must maintain on his journey from being family-focused father to murdering-capitalist-drug kingpin. With a deeper look at the story, a Jungian perspective will be used to explain the personality development of Walter White. Carl Jung was a Neo-Freudian psychoanalytic most well-known for his personality theory of the psyche. According to this, personality is divided into three structures: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The ego is the conscious part of the personality. It is what a person is aware of and is responsible for a sense of identity and continuity in time. The personal unconscious houses information that a person was aware of at one time but was not impressionable to the point of making a conscious noting for future reference. Within the personal consciousness are complexes, or collections of ideas and their associated feelings that unconsciously influence behavior. Finally, the collective consciousness is the basic knowledge and intuition inherited from evolutionary ancestors, and is where archetypes are held. Probably the most influential topic of Jungian theory, archetypes are predispositions and templates of situations and experiences that help guide behavior and emotion. Conflict between the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious is the psychic energy, or libido, that fuels people; without libido (conflict) the person is dead. The main focus will be on the collective unconscious and the archetypes that reside within this. Archetypes are present in a person via the ancestral collective unconscious. There are four archetypes: the persona, the anima/animus, the shadow, and the self. Persona is the Latin word for mask and is used by Jung to describe a person’s public personality. This is the part of the psyche that a person is known by and helps the person to play their societal roles. The anima/animus archetype is the feminine and masculine traits that a person’s personality reflects. According to Jung, all people have some amount of both  components and each gender is expected to display a certain balance of each. The shadow archetype is the origin of animal instincts. Typically thought of as undesirable, the shadow is projected through aggression and evil acts. Finally, the self archetype is the part of the psyche that is responsible for harmonizing everything else. The goal of this archetype is to reach self-realization where every component is balanced perfectly. However, this is seen as an unobtainable goal because if every component is perfectly balanced then there is no conflict, and without conflict there is no libido; without libido there is death. These archetypes are fluid and are not set in stone. Walter White demonstrates a large shift in energy from the persona to the shadow archetype throughout his journey. In season one of Breaking Bad, Walter White is a boring man living a boring life. The viewer quickly gets the sense that Walter is not happy with how his life has turned out. He is a very smart chemist who got his graduate degree and helped found Gray Matters Technologies with his best friend. However, shortly after Walter left the company for more time with his family, it exploded into a multi-billion dollar company using his ideas. Walter never gets credit and ends up working as an overqualified high school teacher and car washer. His colleagues crack jokes at his expense and his boss at the car wash overworks him and yells at Walter with disrespect. While the animosity and frustration with his life is assumed to be great, Walter does not express his feelings; instead he â€Å"takes it† and continues to be the butt of ridicule. At home, things are not any more exciting. Family life is dull, with dinner scenes of silence followed by everyone’s immediate retreat into their own areas. He does not find much passion in his love life any more, but again does not talk about his worries and opts to bottle it up. While his life may be boring, Walter is doing the best he can to support and raise a family, a value he labels as most important. This is a trait strongly linked with the animus archetype. Typically the father of the household ensures the safety and security of his family at all costs. Walter considers himself to be a loving family man and that is why he is willing to withstand jokes and disrespect. Another component of Jung’s theory of personality is attitudes and functions. According to this, personalities can be divided into two main categories: extrovert and introvert. The extrovert is very outward, tends to be sociable, outgoing, and uses the environment as a resource. The introvert looks inward for guidance, is imaginative, and is more interested in ideas rather than people or socialization. These attitudes can be further divided into rational and irrational functions. The rational functions are thinking and feeling while the irrational functions are sensing and intuiting. Thinking functions identify an object while feeling determines the object’s worth. Sensing functions detect the presence of an object while intuiting infers information about the object. Jung theorized that in most people one attitude and one function become dominant over their counterparts. This forms the eight personality types, from the eight possible combinations of attitude and function. Walter White and his alter-ego, Heisenberg, seem to display different traits and can be explained with multiple attitudes and functions. Walter White would be labeled a classic introvert by Jung. He is a quiet man who avoids social interactions and prefers independence. When in social situations, he seems to expend a large amount of energy trying to interact with others, leaving him exhausted after a dinner party or teacher conference. Walter’s lack of emotional feeling and his high intelligence would contribute also to high levels of the thinking function. He relies on logic when making decisions rather than considering the affective consequences. Walter would also be described as investing a large amount of libido in the persona archetype. His public face is very different from how he is truly feeling on the inside. Following Jung’s principle of equivalence, increased libido in one area constitutes equally decreased libido in another area. Walter’s shadow archetype is extremely suppressed. Aggression is nonexistent in his life, shown through his career and his wiliness to accept the mundane. He does not allow himself to feel the anger and resentment that a normal person would feel in embarrassing or belittling situations. Both the high level of persona and the low level of shadow would be considered unhealthy allocations of libido. Walter’s breaking point comes with his diagnosis of lung cancer. This terminal cancer has come to a man who has never smoked in his life and has made himself miserable for the sake of his family for years. This is what causes the bottle of lifelong resentment and hatred to start leaking. Jung could describe this as a disturbance of the ego portion of the psyche. The ego is the organizer of the consciousness and a lot of libido is expended on maintaining a lifestyle. Walter’s work for his family gained him the rewards of less than desirable jobs and cancer. This blow to the ego is shown to be very traumatic and shakes the foundation of his psyche and personality. Walter begins an expedition of morally wrong decisions following his diagnosis, starting with the decision to produce and sell crystal meth to earn money. The decreased moral judgment can be described as the persona archetype fading in strength. The persona regulates which behaviors, attitudes, and emotions are appropriate in a given social situation. The decrease in persona in slow at first. Walter decides to become a drug dealer (not a morally right decision) but his motivation is to earn money so he doesn’t send his family into debt with his cancer treatment (clinging to morally right reasoning). In the beginning, Walter states he’s only in the meth business until he earns enough money for his treatment, then he’s going to quit. Through the seasons, however, the viewer watches as Walter dives deeper and deeper into the drug business, and with that his shadow archetype comes to dominate. Walter uses his knowledge of chemistry to produce the most pure and desirable crystal meth that drug lords have ever seen. He moves up the ranks by using Jesse’s familiarity of the processes and organizations of hierarchies in the drug business. When dealing with shady people, it is inevitable that there will be conflict. Exciting, illicit endeavors marked by tasteful gore and the suspense of avoiding arrest constantly surrounds Walter. Being so popular, being enthralled with excitement, and doing the wrong thing are drastically different than the life he has been leading for so long. Walter gets high off this rush, while the druggies get high off his crystal. This, combined with the massive amounts of money he is now making, leads Walter to become addicted to the lifestyle and unable to walk away. He isn’t given the chance to walk away very often though, with higher-ups constantly threatening his and his family’s lives if he were to quit producing crystal. The deeper Walter sinks into this new world and the more exposure he gets to the adrenaline, the more he changes and splits from his former self. Once Walter begins to make a splash in the drug business, he adopts the pseudonym â€Å"Heisenberg†, a throwback to his chemistry knowledge with the use of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Symbolically, however, there is deeper meaning. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that one can never know both the exact position and momentum of a particle at the same time. Similarly, throughout the show it is never clear whether Walter is still a good guy at heart or if he has gone over to the dark side. Walter and Heisenberg represent a classic Jekyll and Hyde scenario. This can be thought of as a Jungian complex, stemming from the personal unconscious. This precarious balancing act goes on for awhile until Walter eventually throws himself entirely into his new life. Heisenberg develops into a completely different person than Walter White. When Heisenberg assumes his drug dealer persona, he commits acts that were previously unthinkable to Walter. Aside from selling crystal meth, Heisenberg murders multiple people, disposing of their bodies and any evidence by dissolving everything in hydrofluoric acid. He steals, lies, and manipulates others to no end. He set off a bomb in a building and another separate time in a car. He will do anything to protect his image as the new head drug kingpin, including poisoning an innocent boy and blaming it on another competitor to gain allies. He even fakes a fugue state to explain a 3-day disappearance from home, when he was actually cooking meth the entire time. A grandiose, God complex has formed in Heisenberg’s personal unconscious, as demonstrated in his never-ending search for more power and his belief that he is untouchable by any other competitor. He bluntly displays this by buying out the car wash he used to work at and using it as a fence to launder his drug money. He robs his former boss of employment, the same boss that used to make him feel like he had no more worth than dirt, and makes it clear that Heisenberg is now the king and everyone else is his subordinate. Perhaps the most appalling change is his motivation. Walter White -family man-transformed into power-hungry Heisenberg who does not flinch at the idea of carrying out his business at the expense of his family. Instead of performing illegal activities for the benefit of his family, he uses his family to benefit himself. He is persistently emotionally abusive toward Skylar and manipulates her into using her accounting skills to come into his drug business and help launder his money. His brother-in-law, Hank, is a DEA agent specifically assigned to Heisenberg’s case but does not know it is actually Walter. Hank shares case information with Walter who intentionally steers him down wrong paths to avoid detection. This ends up putting Hank’s life in danger multiple times. Heisenberg views his assistant, Jesse, as somewhat of a son. However, he is constantly forcing his will over Jesse and manipulating him to the point where Jesse also loses his set of values. Heisenberg becomes so self-absorbed that he even misses his daughter’s birth because he is busy making a drug drop. Eventually all traces of Walter White are lost and Heisenberg has completely taken over. In Jung’s theory of the ego, he states that when too little libido is invested in the persona the result is an inability to maintain reality. The personality change from Walter White to Heisenberg can be explained by shifts of libido. Decreased persona libido is shown when Walter’s two lives mold together into one; the libido gets drained after trying to hold two separate lives for so long. Libido of the self archetype also shifts. No longer does his self-realization revolve around love and family, but instead around power and authority. Rather than striving to be a suitable head of the house, he strives to be head of the meth industry. The decreases in these libidos imply a vast increase in another area’s libido – per the principle of equivalence. The shadow archetype experiences an outrageous increase in libido as Heisenberg becomes more evil and more animalistic by demonstrating that he will do anything to maintain power. Jung’s principal of opposites states that every area has its polar opposite that reflects how its partner changes. The opposite of the shadow is typically seen as spirituality. This is directly seen when Walter prays after learning of his diagnosis, then latter Heisenberg has a gun battle within a church. Spirituality was respected and present in Walter, but becomes nonexistent in Heisenberg as the shadow has taken over. Finally, Walter’s change of personality to Heisenberg even includes changes to his attitudes and functions, the core of the personality. While Walter was an introverted thinker, Heisenberg can be described as an extroverted feeler. All traces of reluctance of social situations are expelled; Heisenberg frequently fraternized with the enemy to learn their secrets. As he moves up the ladder and becomes more powerful, Heisenberg is very extroverted, outlandish, and a show off. He is the big shot in his world. His function also drastically changed to the opposite of thinking – feeling. The value of objects – or lack thereof – is central to Heisenberg’s personality. His moral system is distorted in a way such that family and people do not hold value but power and money do. This marks the final, fundamental change of the evolution of Walter White to Heisenberg. Rather than understanding this transformation as a development of a single person’s personality, it is more suitable to explain the change of Walter White to Heisenberg as a creation of a new personality. Evidence of this is in the fact that there is no â€Å"center† of the personality that stays constant; everything from libido allocations to fundamental attitudes and functions undergo a radical conversion. If this were a development of personality then this change would not be so drastic and core elements would be relatively stable. Instead, Walter experiences a sort of personality split similar to that seen in the mentally ill. Heisenberg is completely consumed by his new personality and all traces of Walter White are gone. An entirely new person has been created. The massive shifts of libido and changes to his very ways of thinking and processing environmental stimuli are the Jungian explanations for such an episode.   Walter White and his transformation into Heisenberg can also be analyzed through the lens of existentialist theories. It is difficult to give a single definition to existentialism and is best described through commonly held beliefs within the area. Existentialism focuses on the individual and how a person constructs the world they live in, and thusly how that world affects the person. This interaction is called the object-subject dichotomy. Each person has their own constructed values and structure of meaning. Existence is dynamic and always changing, as people have freedom to decide what objects mean. Living a full life consists of always expanding one’s awareness of the world, but with this comes anxiety and guilt as values are challenged. The ability to deal with this anxiety comes back to the freedom to adjust either one’s values or the way one deals with the issues of life. A deeper look into the concepts of existentialism will be used to explain  how Walter White experienced a complete personality change. People exist in a world that has its own subjective meaning that varies from person to person. A person interacts with the world through three modes of existence: the Umwelt, the Mitwelt, and the Eigenwelt. The Umwelt, meaning â€Å"over world†, is the nature and biological underpinnings of the self, including drives and instincts. For Walter, this would include his genetic makeup, such as gender, race, hair color, etc. , as well such things as hunger and thirst. The Mitwelt, meaning â€Å"with world†, is the relation one has with others; it is the social world. This is the world that Walter lives in. His relationships with his family, coworkers, and clients all constitute his Mitwelt. Finally, the Eigenwelt, meaning â€Å"own world†, is a person’s consciousness and intellects. This is where decisions and rationalizations are made and it is within the Eigenwelt that Walter struggles with the burden of living two lives. These three worlds exist within a person simultaneously; however, a person can feel an estrangement in one of these modes of existence. This is called alienation and is characterized by feelings of loneliness and emptiness. Walter embodies alienation before he enters the drug business. He feels unsatisfied with how his life has developed and is tired of his boring, mundane life. He can be said to experience alienation of the Mitwelt because he feels a disconnect between himself and the other people in his life. The implications of this will be discussed further in more detail. Existentialism evaluates the effectiveness of a person’s life by determining if he or she is living an authentic life. Authenticity pertains to the values a person is living according to and the anxiety and guilt that are present in the person. A person who conforms to the values of others rather than exercising his or her own free will is not said to be effectively living. An authentic life allows a person to expand their consciousness and issues the challenges necessary for personal growth. Also, an authentic life does not contain neurotic anxiety or guilt. A normal amount of each is present, and the person has positive social relationships. Part of growing as a person and developing consciousness is the anxiety that comes with situations that challenge the person’s values. This anxiety is normal and is healthy. However, this anxiety can turn neurotic when it involves the person repressing their values and conforming to other’s values or responding in a way just because it is the socially expected response for a situation. In the case of Walter White, neurotic anxiety has been taken to the extreme. His boring, â€Å"normal† life is actually a conformation to socially accepted values. He has given up his own values of intellect and pride and substituted them with family man, father values that are not as high on his value hierarchy. He hates the fact that he no longer works at Gray Matter Technologies, a place he was intellectually challenged, received recognition, and did not have to answer to anyone. However, since people have the freedom of choice, at some point Walter was faced with a situation to which he responded with a choice to go with what society expected. This situation may have been trying to decide to have a family to which he felt compelled to do because that was what was normal. Walter’s feelings of alienation of Mitwelt and the reason he doesn’t feel like he belongs to the world he lives in is because it is a world that has been constructed by other people’s values, not his own. He is now stuck in a place of life where he is pushed around constantly and unappreciated and undervalued. Walter would be said to be experiencing neurotic guilt because he is not living in a way that supports a growth of consciousness. He acts in ways that perpetuate his suppression – he allows his boss to talk down to him, he teaches to kids who don’t respect him. The large amounts of neurotic anxiety and guilt that has built up in Walter can explain why he reacts the way he does when finally taking an opportunity to adjust his life back to being in line with his most valued ideals. The concept of death provokes a large amount of anxiety for people. The fact that death happens to everyone and is unavoidable makes it a negative event that people have to accept will eventually happen to them. Events, such as death, that are uncontrollable happenings of life are called Thrownness. This is obviously a scary concept because if people are trying to live full, creative lives then death is something to stay away from if at all possible. Walter is diagnosed with lung cancer and told he only has a few more years of life to expect. This is a circumstance that was inevitable for Walter, it was part of his Destiny. This is considered the breaking point for Walter and when he starts his downslide to Heisenberg. How does this start? Walter’s diagnosis is an anxiety producing event that requires a choice of how to react and alter behavior. This anxiety is the normal anxiety that would be experienced by anyone who receives this news. However, Walter is aware that he has been living with his neurotic anxiety and guilt for such a long time now. Upon hearing of his impending death, Walter makes the choice to live more according to his true values to reduce the neurotic guilt. Eventually, Heisenberg disbands the social values he has been conforming to for so long and runs his business and family according to his own prideful and self-governing values that he has been longing for so long. But this develops in a series of steps. The first time Walter doesn’t conform to an expected reaction is when he decides that he is not going to be a burden on his family anymore. Instead, he wants to be financially responsible for his cancer treatment; this is in line with his values of independence and self-provider that have been repressed. When Walter decides to act in a way according to his own values he experiences a small release of guilt that has built up. The decision to be financially supportive of himself has its own anxieties that come along, though, like how he’s going to pay for such an expensive service. However, these are normal anxieties rather than neurotic and can be dealt with in a constructive way. Each decision Walter makes leads to another circumstance arising that requires another choice of how to react. When considering how to pay for chemotherapy, Walter decides on becoming a meth dealer. This is an extreme departing from a socially acceptable response, however it is in line with Walter’s values. This choice gives Walter the opportunity to exercise his underused intellect. He is finally challenging himself as he applies his chemistry knowledge to the drug industry. He is also expanding his consciousness by striving for a new understanding of a (drug) industry’s organizational structure and flow. Since the choice is in line with his own values, as deviated they may be from a â€Å"normal† way of going about it, Walter again experiences a reduction of neurotic guilt. As Walter delves deeper into Heisenberg’s world, full of new experiences and excitement, he is continuously presented with situations that require a choice of reaction. The more he chooses to follow his own values, the more neurotic anxiety and guilt is reduced. So the question is: Can an ex high-school teacher turned drug kingpin be said to be living an authentic life? Once Heisenberg fully develops, he is now completely living by his own terms and indulging his values, not conforming to anyone. He is constantly challenging himself in new situations and allowing himself to expand his consciousness. Normal anxieties and guilt are felt in accordance with the day to day hassles of his lifestyle (like dealing with rival gang trying to kill him, or ordering a hit on a defective gang member) but neurotic anxiety and guilt has been minimized. Heisenberg is no longer experiencing any alienation; he has a solid social structure of employees that he also interacts with on a personal basis. His family values have been moved down the hierarchy, but they are still present. He bonds with his son over expensive cars and he compels his wife to assist him in his financial department, but they make it work. While Heisenberg’s values may be being satisfied in a much more perverse way than the average person, it cannot be said he is conforming to outside pressures. It can be argued he is living an authentic life. In other words, using May’s stages of consciousness, Walter White broke out of his (extra-)ordinary conscious of a repressed family man, went through a stage of rebellion starting with his diagnosis of cancer and decision to enter the drug industry, and is now experiencing creative consciousness. ***** The strategies of Jungian and Existential theories used to describe the personality of Walter White have some common concepts. Firstly, both theories focus on the present and future of a person’s behavior and personality. This is most strikingly different from psychoanalytic theories that state personality is the result of early childhood experiences. Existentialism strictly does not take a person’s past to be a predictive factor. Walter’s childhood experiences do not hold merit, what does matter are the present time decisions he makes. Jungian theory also focuses on present time factors, for example the amount of libido in the areas of the psyche and how it is being allocated. However, Jungian perspective does differ in that elements from a person’s past can affect behavior. Archetypes are schemas that have been inherited through a person’s ancestry. Also, the attitudes and functions that a person comes to be defined by may be influenced by early environmental factors, such as the influences parents had on their child’s beliefs. Secondly, both theories agree that healthy people should strive to realize their potential. Jung’s self archetype longs for a balance between the archetypes, gained by a reduction of conflict across all dimensions. Existentialism states that one should be constantly seeking to increase his or her consciousness and awareness. A failure to do this results in anxiety and guilt. While this self-realization is the ideal scenario for both theories, it is understood as an impossible thing to achieve. However, it does give some purpose for humans in a world with no meaning; both preach that the world is dependent on the way one chooses to experience it. Other similarities can be found in the organizational structure of the theories. Both are very dynamic theories, with personality having the ability to change and flow. For Jung, personality and behavior are based on how the libido and archetypes relate to a situation. These can vary given different circumstances; however there are central factors that generally stay consistent: a person’s attitude and function. Existentialism, on the other hand, is more dynamic. A person can be very different from one scenario to the next. This is because people have the freedom of choice and can basically construct their lives however they want to. Some stabilization can be expected in a person living an authentic life, though. Given this, he or she would be expected to make choices consistent with their values, rather than conforming to others. Furthermore, these theories hold little scientific merit as they are both irrefutable, and therefore unable to be tested by experiments. While there are minor differences within the similarities that Jungian and Existential theories share, there are also more glaring differences. Firstly, Jungian theory utilizes categorization to describe people. People are divided into attitudes and functions; Walter White is described as an introverted thinker. These categorizations are given descriptions of a typical person who fits into that area. This allows for a commonly understood way of describing oneself. If Walter were to tell someone about himself and he said he was an introverted thinker, people could infer that he prefers to keep to himself rather than be in groups and that he relies on logic rather than emotional feelings to make decisions. Existential theory does not allow for such categorizations. Because people are inherently understood to have a freedom of choice, this makes a predictive system difficult. The closest relation existentialist theory has to categories is whether someone is living an authentic life or not. However this hardly allows for predictive value. A person rarely knows the complete value system of another and which values are most prevalent in each circumstance. Even if this was given, an authentic lifestyle is not guaranteed to be a continuous process. The freedom of choice in existentialism inserts a feeling of chaos into the world. This is most obviously displayed in Walter who would be the last person thought to become a drug dealer. However, his freedom of choice and decision to change to abiding by his values is what enabled him to make that unpredictable choice. Another major difference in these two theories is the influence that the unconscious has on the person. In existentialism, many aspects of the person are elements of which he or she is aware. Walter knows his value set and could articulate them if asked. The neurotic anxiety and guilt he was experiencing prior to his change was a conscious feeling also. The decisions he made to enter and dive deeper into the drug business were consciously made decisions. The only influence of the unconscious, according to May.

Shards of Silver Fade by Midnight Odyssey free essay sample

While Ive only really talked about this genius here once, my review for Funerals From the Astral Space managed a magazine placement which I thought was utterly awesome. Its been four years and now Dis Pater has released yet another bonified masterpiece. Midnight Odyssey is a one man Australian enterprise with Dis Pater at the main helm of it all. This band includes all things spacey and atmospheric in the world of Black Metal. This album could very well beat out its predecessor with a slight change in style, longer tracks and adding a new layer yo this space themed world that he creates. This album is almost 150 minutes in length making it much longer than Funerals which was only two hours in comparison. This album isnt quite as heavy, or as brutal as the last because one Dis prefers to have more melodic sections and more clean vocals as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Shards of Silver Fade by Midnight Odyssey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This mostly present in the first track where you will find it takes forever to get the heavy part, but thats ok, because the atmosphere before paints out a more desolate, cold, dark space that you cant escape. Imagine if this actually happened to you, I would imagine youd be terrified and never want to see the night sky again right? Well its the same feeling here except this time, you wish to never return to Earth again because of how soothing it can really be. Not one track in this album is shorter than 14 minutes which means youre in for some epic, epic music here and the number of tracks are also cut in half with four on each disk. Expect to come in with in open mind and maybe hear some nebula nearby or perhaps a supernova only blasting miles from you. Thats what space feels like, that is what Midnight Odyssey sounds like. I almost guarantee you will like this album. The album may be quite lengthy but you will enjoy every second of it. I give this a 10/10 it surpassed all expecta tions when coming in and blasted them with gamma rays. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

A Cry For Racial Justice Example

A Cry For Racial Justice Example A Cry For Racial Justice – Term Paper Example A cry for racial justice While in Birmingham jail, King alleges that his actions to protest against racial discrimination in American society has been termed as untimely and unwise. He asserts that the move to mobilize people to rally against the white is because they have refused to negotiate with them in order to resolve the issues they are presenting. The white people always referred to African Americans as Negros. King argues that it is vital to create tension in the mind of people that will assist men to rise from the dark depths of racism and prejudice to attain reasonable heights of brotherhoods and understanding. In order to show how racial prejudice was prevalent in the American society, King in his letter talks about Rosa Parks who was sitting in the back of the bus in a section of the colored people. She refused to surrender the seat to a white man who was standing. As a result, she was arrested and fined. In response, African American people under the leadership of a youn g pastor from Dexter Avenue Church organized a boycott in the Montgomery bus station. The Civil rights movement in America began to be active in order to protest against such acts in search for justice. Further, the civil rights movement was strengthened in 163 when Martin Luther King gave his â€Å"I have a dream speech† in which he strongly condemned racial injustices in the American society. African Americans were challenged to gain black power that would enable them to revolt against the system and establish their own system so that they can stay as men. The African Americans have to establish their own black culture in order to erase the lies that the white man has fed in their mind since they were born. Due to the demand for black power, the civil rights movement in the US in 1960s had made gains in that legal discrimination in the South had been eliminated. However, legal victories did not mean easy access to jobs, high standards of living, education, or end of racia l segregation. The end of 1960s were years of protests and polarization in that bodies such as SNCC and the student league r industrial democracy were formed to fight against racial discrimination. Discussion questionsi. What were the major challenges that the black community in American society experienced?ii. How were the violence and discrimination against the black community?iii. What names were given to the African Americans in the American society?iv. Were the criticisms against King’s call for racial justice justifiable?

Training & Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training & Development - Term Paper Example It has been observed that â€Å"formal training and most organizational processes mandate that every training program have stated objectives and evaluation† (Carliner, 2002, â€Å"Adapting Design Techniques for Informal Learning†). In the context of Maddox, the training program has to be formalized and the first step will be to form a focus group consisting of representatives from the management, administration, HR department, maintenance department, and operational and functional associates. A comprehensive agenda that covers the vital areas of development/implementation, training guidelines, time-frame, mode of training, etc. will be designed. The training initiatives will be augmented through training brochures, best practices, troubleshooting and there shall also be testing/evaluation, analysis of performance as well as operational effectiveness. The entire process will be supported by information technology (IT) to ensure no communication-gaps exist.2.2. TNA Survey 2.2.1. Explanation of TNAAccording to the observations of the Cabinet Office (1988), training needs are said to arise â€Å"when a learning need cannot be met within the normal day-to-day processes or when meeting a learning need in this way will take too long, involve too high a risk/cost, not result in the required standard of performance, and when training is the most cost-effective way of meeting the need† (â€Å"The Identification of Organizational and Individual Training and Development Needs†).

Euthanasia and Kants Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Euthanasia and Kants Morality - Essay Example Legally, assisted suicide has been justified on certain grounds, for example in countries such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and in the State of Oregon in the United States (McKean 1). This does not however change the fact that for most people the issue of euthanasia is fundamentally not about giving mercy. It is still the â€Å"killing† part that raises the hackles for most people. Mercy (or compassion) and killing (with an intent to kill, it can still be considered murder) are still clearly contradictory, i.e., posed in the very simplistic, yet lucid question: how could you possibly help someone you love or care about kill himself? How could mercy or love ever be allied with the destruction of life, no matter how little remains of it? The morality of any act according to Kant’s well-known adage of the categorical imperative only suffices if it can be raised as a universal law (Kant, Groundwork of The Metaphysics of Morals). To assist someone who wants to di e will almost never impel that unconditional sense of rightness, but instead the situation will almost always look at the conditionality of how a particular situation may be acted upon. This action is the opposite of what can be found in the morality of the categorical imperative. A thing according to Kantian morality is right because it is independent of any external cause. In the case of euthanasia, the external cause takes the forms of the mercy or a sense of â€Å"duty† to let a person die in dignity, or respect the wishes of someone who wants to end his life.... sion may be high due to a seemingly hopeless situation be trusted in deciding that life is better ended Is he or she an "autonomous" person in this case On the other hand, can a caregiver or a doctor with a close relationship with a terminally ill and suffering patient be looked at as merely performing a duty to respect the decision to die of someone he or she cares about Is it duty or is it something else The concept of autonomy or the sense of freedom and the principle of duty in Kant's theory of morality provide analytical tools to examine whether euthanasia is morally defensible. Autonomy and dignity, which are based upon the premise that a human being is free by way of reason to decide on what is wrong or right, have been used to justify euthanasia. Conversely, this line of reasoning suggests that the autonomy or dignity of a patient who expresses that life-prolonging treatments or care violate his or her sense of dignity as a human being should be respected. According to Kant, men are moral beings because by virtue of being free and capable of reason. However, he qualifies the term freedom, and explains further that there is a "negative" and "positive" sense of freedom. He wrote, "The sole principle of morality consists in the independence on all matter of the law (namely, a desired object), and in the determination of the elective will by the mere universal legislative form of which its maxim must be capable. This independence is freedom in the negative sense, and this self-legislation of the pure, and therefore practical reason is freedom in the positive sense" (Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, Book 1, chap.1, par 85). On both counts, whether in the negative or positive sense, the patient who is supposedly the originator of a decision that would

Global Poverty Essay Example for Free

Global Poverty Essay To be born into poverty without a choice is possibly one of the greatest misfortunes that any person can be victimized with. According to Howard Hubbard author of Fighting Poverty to Build Peace, â€Å"An estimated 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.25 a day.† It leaves a person with a huge challenge of survival and an extremely difficult task of creating a better future for themselves. To understand the implications of poverty across the world, one needs to first thoroughly understand its definition. It is often difficult to establish what the definition of poverty is, because, being poor, differs dramatically across countries all around the world. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) poverty is defined in two different ways, human poverty and income poverty.[1] The definition of poverty from a human development point of view means â€Å"the denial of choices and opportunities most basic to human development to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, self-esteem and respect of others,† Alters pg 1. According to UNDP human poverty is more than income poverty. In many of the poorest nations across the world people die everyday due to poverty. Poverty proves to be one of main problems that plague the global society. I will discuss the different kinds of poverty, the causes and solutions of poverty in the global society. In the global society, poverty makes itself prominent in a variety of categories depending on each individual economy. [2]The World Bank facts for world poverty reveals that, a higher number of people live in poverty than previously thought and this number is increasing day by day. This is the main reason why in most nations today inequality is on a high and this gap is continuously rising. It is difficult to measure national poverty lines across nations because the different classes have different percentage of income that is to be spent on food. In some of the most underdeveloped and poorest economies of the world such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan and Haiti people live in widespread poverty and dire living conditions .[3] According to the United Nations list of least developed countries in 2009, 33 were in Africa, 15 in Asia and 1 was in Latin America.[4] In other areas such as much of Europe and the United States poverty exists, but the gap of comparison is very large in comparison to a county like Angola. Poverty creates a division among  nations. That division has been growing now for a century or more. Poor countries are most often sidelined by the richer and more developed ones. This was the case of the colonization of countries like India by the British. Rich and powerful countries have the advantage of modern technology and arms to subdue the poorer ones. Although the United Nations has started helping poor countries they often feel indebted and dependent on their charity provider. The causes of poverty are many, however some of the main reasons that contribute to poverty in the world are: unemployment, lack of education, illiteracy, natural disasters and violence. The combination of all these factors can make any nation poor. This high level of inequality certainly affects the social cohesion and leads to problems such as increasing crime and violence. It is a matter of fact that effect of poverty is being transferred from generation to generation. Poor people are often dejected and unwell, and due to that they’re unable to work.[5] The World Bank estimates that poverty has held at around 25 percent of the population since the mid-1990s. And because of population growth, the number of poor actually increased to around 128 million in the early 2000s. The countries adversely affected by poverty do not progress, as the there is a little room for the development of the population. The social and cultural factors of a nation impact the economic situation of a country. The reasons for poverty differ based on the culture and the social system within a nation. People throughout the world are subjected to poverty, whether it’s due to illiteracy, unemployment and or a family history issue. A history of poverty in the family leads to many physical as well as mental problems. Poor parents do not have the resources to get their children educated. This results in the children having to deal with a lot of obstacles when trying to get jobs. The discrimination is felt acutely by them as they do not have the required skills to cope. Most often such poverty also leads to abuse. This sometimes results in bad habits in some families, like smoking, drinking and drugs. â€Å"Improving the access of the poor to assets and services will help the m share in, and contribute to, economic growth,† says Jaime Saavedra and Omar Arias author of Stuck in a Rut. The environment in the form of natural disasters plays a significant role in the cause of  increasing poverty in less developed nations. According to Akin Mabogunje the author of Poverty and Environmental Degradation: Challenges Within the Global Economy, â€Å"In many developing countries, inadequate attention is given to environmental management in areas occupied by the poor, and therefore, they are exposed to numerous environmental hazards.† When a country is affected by many different natural disasters including earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, windstorms, and forest fires it completely devastates the poor and greatly diminishes their chances of escaping poverty. [6] According to the World Bank two billion people have been affected by Natural Disasters since the mid 1990’s. [7] In addition, people in countries that are engaged in some kind of conflict or war whether the countries are developed or developing typically experience some kind of economic hardship.[8] Armed conflict often makes countries that have a high number of poor much worse. War and conflict often results in a refugee status for many of the most impoverished people in the world. This results in basic denial of human rights such as the right to seek legal employment which further diminishes impoverished condition.[9] All over the world people suffer the consequences of poverty. It is often seen the effects of poverty is not improving and is continually passed on from generation to generation. This vicious cycle results in families concentrating on what is happening in the current moment, not focusing on the future or on how to better their own lives. People around the world that suffer from poverty concentrate on the basic element of survival like the need for food and shelter. Often making future plans to change the cycle of poverty from generation to generation to become unimportant when a family doesn’t have access to food, water or a place to sleep. [10]Democracy starts at home, but the scope, and consequences, of global economic decisions often extend far beyond national borders. The consequences of poverty include lack of opportunities, physical and mental illness, drug abuse and physical abuse, homelessness and illiteracy and lack of educational development, etc. Poverty is the most prevailing problem in the world. In today’s society we see that the richer are becoming richer, while the poor continually suffer  from increasing poverty. The problem not only lies with the people, but also with the government. The government corruption is the leading problem in the most of the countries, where the funds raised for the benefit of the poor are being used in an illegal and often detrimental way. The government must manage the economic system efficiently and use the funds in appropriate way to solve the issue of poverty. Currently as the poverty has become a world problem, the countries should form a union and think for a common solution against this problem. They should take the aid of all the ways to motivate the people to come out of the poverty. The governments can seek help of volunteers to educate and provide the knowledge on health, sanitation and many other factors, where poor families can easily relate to. On a global level, organizations like the United Nations need to put in place mandatory policy regarding solutions to poverty. Some of these recommendations include: create poverty-focused foreign assistance programs that focus of poverty reduction and creating government accountability for poverty. In addition, create policies that focus on reform of trade and agricultural policies to help with sustainable development and protect small farmers and business owners. The United Nations needs to provide political and financial support that fuel peacekeeping missions to reduce violence that impoverishes many nations around the world. Lastly, governments need to promote continual peacekeeping efforts to areas that suffer from continual conflict and poverty to promote sustainable development. [11] One of the main solutions to reduce poverty is education and literacy. As illiteracy and education are highly interrelated, people must choose to overcome the illiteracy in the world. As the knowledge increases, the access to employment also increases and use of technology also makes the people more self-sufficient. [12]Education also enables the poor and disadvantaged in society to escape poverty through their own efforts, that is, to counter irreversibility’s and poverty traps. People who attain a higher level of education are much less likely to take part in the working poor, opposed to those who have a lower level of education. [13]Human development is now part of the equation, meaning that education, health, life expectancy, and other indicators of well-being are given greater attention. Focusing on immediate issues and directly on your own domestic problems will diminish poverty across the world and open up possibilities of planning for the  future. In order for the global society to prosper we need to take notice of ideas like investments in agriculture, healthcare, and education. This idea for global development will create an effective change in the long run.[14] Poverty and population growth are very much interrelated. By reducing these two problems improvements can be made in health and the whole well being of society. A goal of the international community as a whole is to improve general health by ensuring sufficient nutrition. [15] In 2004, President Musharraf of Pakistan said that population growth was the main factor retarding economic growth, poverty alleviation, and action on joblessness.† Since the population growth keeps increasing the demands for natural resources keeps rising beyond the means of supporting the current population. According to the article Critical links: Population, Health, and the Environment, ninety-nine percent of world population growth is occurring in less developed countries. This means we need reduce global population growth by creating laws that focus on social policy that will encourage smaller families for less developed impoverished nations that cannot sustain large population growth. This policy will reduce the fertility rate, and help slow the growth of the global populations. For example according to Lester Brown’s article Can We Build A Sustainable Economy, â€Å"Iran, facing both land, hunger and water scarcity, now limits public subsidies for housing, health care, and insurance to three children per family. In Peru, President Alberto Fujimori, who was elected overwhelmingly to his second five-year term in a predominantly Catholic country, said in his inaugural address in August 1995 that he wanted to provide better access to family-planning services for poor women.â₠¬  Being born into poverty is the worst disadvantage that any human can be at. Combating poverty will take a unified effort on the part of all the worlds nations, especially the ones who are at the helm of international affairs. Organizations like the United Nations will have to be at the forefront and lead the way for the others to emulate. Alongside poverty, well also have to focus on the population growth and pool in efforts to stem it. Although the problem of world poverty is a one of biblical proportions, it is not insurmountable, and it too can be tackled. But it would require perhaps the greatest coordinated effort that mankind has ever witnessed in its history. Such a well organized coordinated effort would not be possible if there is a  lack of consciousness on a global level. But the basic problem with human kind is that, they restrict their concern to themselves only, without caring much for those who are the victim of a poorer luck. Even if we start taking care of poverty, then we only care about our won nations, instead of dealing it on a global level. But all of us should remember that poverty is inhuman and is not constricted to any particular nation. Therefore it would be our duty to stop such inhuman treatment of human race and become less selfish so that we can deal with a serious issue like poverty on a global level. Bibliography Hubbard, Howard J. Fighting Poverty to Build Peace. America. 09 Feb. 2009: 11. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. De Souza, Roger-Mark; Williams, John S; Meyerson, Frederick A B. Critical links: Population, health, and the environment. Population Bulletin. 01 Sep. 2003: 2. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Kent, Mary M; Haub, Carl. Global Demographic Divide. Population Bulletin. 01 Dec. 2005: 3. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Lester R. Brown. We Can Build a Sustainable Economy. Futurist 30. (1996) eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Mabogunje, Akin L. Poverty and environmental degradation: Challenges within the global economy. Environment 1(2002):8. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Saavedra, Jaime; Arias, Omar S. Stuck in a Rut. Finance Development. 01 Dec. 2005: 18. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Alters, Sandra M. World Poverty. Detroit, MI: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Anderson, Judith. Ending Poverty and Hunger. Mankato, MN: Sea-To-Sea Publications, 2010. Print. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Causes of Poverty.† Global Issues, Updated: 28 Nov. 2010. Accessed: 14 Dec. 2010. 9 Hertel, Shareen. The private side of global governance. Journal of International Affairs. 01 Oct. 2003: 41. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. Shalendra D. Sharma The Promise of Monterrey: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals. World Policy Journal 3(2004):51. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. Lancaster, Carol. The New Face of Development. Current History. 01 Jan. 2008: 36. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010.

Free Antigone Essays: Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely :: Antigone essays

Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely in Antigone "Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely," said Lord Acton generations ago. In the Greek tragedy Antigone, written by Sophocles, there was a character named Kreon, the antagonist, who was the king of Thebes. Thebes was an autocratic state where Kreon had absolute power. Throughout the course of the play, Kreon abused his privilege of absolute power; and this caused him to suffer greatly, even though he was warned by a few people of his bad deeds. What Sophocles commented on absolute power was that one should not abuse it. If it was abused, he or she had to expect bad consequences. This was indicated by what happened to Kreon when he abused his power. Kreon settled a decree that prohibited anyone from burying Polyneices' dead body. He was proud of his decree, and he also stated that he would be a good king by listening to what people said regarding his decisions. When the decree was broken by Antigone, Kreon sentenced her to death. This angered the gods because they wanted the dead body of Polyneices buried, and they did not want a live body (that of Antigone) buried in a cave. Kreon was told by Haimon to change his mind, but Kreon rejected his request and went ahead and buried Antigone alive. Teiresias warned Kreon that the gods were angry and his actions were to be blamed. Kreon rejected both Haimon's request and Teiresias' warning, and as a result, he suffered in the end. In the beginning of the play, Antigone and Ismene were found arguing about whether Polyneices' body should be buried. Antigone wanted to bury her brother's body, but Ismene objected because she said that they should not disobey Kreon, who had absolute power a nd had prohibited Polyneices' burial (26-80). Ismene indicated that the citizens of Thebes did not dare to go against what Kreon decreed. They all knew that if they objected to Kreon, punishment would be the result. In the play, Kreon was first found addressing the senate as to how a ruler should rule his state. He said in his long speech, "'I believe that he who rules in a state and fails to embrace the best men's counsels, but stays locked in silence and vague fear, is the worst man there. I have long believed so'" (217-221). To impress the senate Kreon told them that he would listen to any advice they gave him because that was what a good ruler should do.

Analysing The Need For Arctic Oil Environmental Sciences Essay

Global demand for energy has quickly increased as populations have increased and the demands of developing states have increased. Some estimations claim that demand for energy could increase by every bit much as 50 % by 2030 ( Hunter 2007 ) . This possible addition has every state scrambling for a stable beginning of oil and natural gas. The traditional beginnings of oil and natural gas have become less dependable. Instability in the Middle East has many states looking for new beginnings of oil, but this has become harder to happen. Many states that were one time spouses to big oil companies such as Russia and Venezuela have become less dependable as beginnings for oil ( Appenzellar 2004 ) . In 1960 85 % of known reservoirs were accessible to oil companies but now merely 16 % of reservoirs are accessible ( Rowell 2007 ) . New countries need to be opened up and explored in order to happen dependable beginnings of oil. The Arctic appears to be one of the most promising countries.Histor y of Arctic oilIn the 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s onshore crude oil roars took topographic point in Siberia and Alaska ( Funk 2009 ) . Alaska ‘s roar began in 1967 when oil workers for Atlantic Richfield Corporation discovered the largest oil reservoir in North America on Alaska ‘s North Slope near Prudhoe Bay ( Coppock 2004 ) . Thousands of work forces moved to Alaska trusting to do their wealths boring and edifice the monolithic grapevines necessary to travel the oil to the Continental United States. Billions of dollars were pumped into a antecedently quiet country. This one time great part is in diminution. Siberia had a similar roar in the 1970 ‘s but they are get downing to see a diminution similar to Alaska ‘s. Siberia ‘s oil Fieldss, which presently make Russia the largest manufacturer of oil, are expected to run out in the following 10 old ages ( Appenzeller 2004 ) .Future of Arctic OilSurveies show that the Arctic Ocean may incorporate a bi g sum of recoverable oil and natural gas. This includes non merely the land contained by the Arctic Circle, but besides the Arctic Ocean, which is considered to be the largest prospective beginning of oil and natural gas for the hereafter ( Gautier 2004 ) .Measure of Oil and Natural gasThe United States Geological Survey has predicted that about 30 % of the universe ‘s undiscovered gas and 13 % of the universe ‘s undiscovered oil is under the surface of the Arctic Ocean ( Gautier 2004 ) . The sum of gas in merely one of the major reservoirs is estimated to be the full gas militias of the United States ( Moran 2006 ) .Location of oilGood oil and gas reservoirs are so rare for a big portion because of the alone types of stone formations that can incorporate natural gas. The stone formation must be porous plenty to keep natural gas and oil and the formation must besides be permeable plenty for oil and natural gas to flux through the formation in order for oil to be recovera ble. Porosity and permeableness are the grounds that reservoirs are found about entirely in sedimentary stones. The bulk of crude oil bearing formations are contained in the huge Continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean. These shelves take up more than half of the Arctic Ocean, as shown by the lighter shadiness of bluish in Figure 2.These shelves by and large lie in less than 160 metres of H2O, a deepness that current boring engineering can easy bring forth ( Harrison 1979 ) . Arctic map Figure 2: Depth of the Arctic Ocean ( hypertext transfer protocol: //gdr.nrcan.gc.ca ) Sedimentary stone formations have besides been found in deeper H2O. A recent coring expedition found sedimentary stone formations in 1100 metres of H2O. This coring expedition drilled into The Lomonosov ridge, which is indicated by the pointer in Figure 2 ( Moran 2006 ) .Regulating THE ARCTIC OCEANUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaThe current opinion organic structure in the Arctic Ocean is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) . Russia, Norway, Canada, and Denmark all border the Arctic Ocean and have all ratified this pact, go forthing the United States as the lone state that borders the Arctic Ocean that has non.Claiming LandUNCLOS regulations say that a state may exert control within 200 maritime stat mis from a state ‘s shoreline ( Holmes 2008 ) . In order to claim land beyond this 200 stat mi grade a state must turn out that the seafloor is an extens ion of the state ‘s Continental shelf ( Underhill 2005 ) . The states involved have begun passing 1000000s of dollars in order to map the ocean floor utilizing high tech echo sounder devices. Mapping is a good start but the lone existent manner to happen where a shelf ends is by happening the exact point where stone types alteration, which can merely be done by boring for samples of the seafloor ( Underhill 2005 ) . The logistics of boring for samples in the Arctic Ocean is a really hard and expensive undertaking.Major DisputesThere are several parts of major difference over the Arctic Ocean. The most of import difference is the dissension between Russia, Denmark, and Canada over who has the rights to the Lomonosov Ridge, The Barents Sea Loop Hole, and the Western Nansen Basin. The Lomosov Ridge is seen as the stepping rock for Denmark, Canada and Russia to claim the Arctic. Each has claimed that the ridge is in fact an extension of their Continental shelf. The Barents Sea is located North of Russia and Norway, and both states have submitted overlapping claims for sovereignty in this country. The two most relevant differences in The Barents Sea are over the Loop Hole and the Western Nansen Basin ( Holmes 2008 ) . Both Norway and Russia appear to be negociating a pact on their ain, so it does non look that the UNCLOS will necessitate them to do a determination. Figure 1: Diagram Lomonosov Ridge ( benmuse.typepad.com ) Russia has been the most aggressive in claiming this ridge. Russia has already submitted a claim excessively much of the ocean floor utilizing the ridge as the ground tackle of their claim s ( McKenzie 2009 ) . Canada and Denmark have been making extended seismal studies to turn out that the ridge is in fact a portion of their several Continental shelves in order to challenge Russia ‘s claim. The Lomonosov Ridge is really of import to all states involved because boring has proven that there is natural gas underneath the ridge ( Underhill 2009 ) .http: //benmuse.typepad.com/ben_muse/images/2007/08/08/lomonosov_ridge_2_2.gifDeciding Disputes Under UNCLOSThe simplest solution for deciding differences is for parties involved to settle the difference informally, but if states are unable to make so there are several other ways of settling differences ( Holmes 2008 ) . Other possibilities include the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Court of Justice, or an arbitrary court. Whenever a state ratifies the convention, the state chooses what forum they would prefer to work out any differences, but jobs arise when the disputing states can non hold on a forum. UNCLOS does non hold compulsory forum for challenging claims when states can non hold on a forum, so sometimes it can be really hard to happen a solution to a difference ( Holmes 2008 ) .Other GovernmentsThe UNCLOS is chiefly concerned with the spliting up of the sea bed under the Arctic Ocean, instead than with regulations and ordinances to protect transportation involvements and environmental protection. To get by with this many other organisations have been trying to make full the nothingness by doing suggestions and guidelines to guarantee that states are guaranting safety for both workers and the environment ( Berkman 2009 ) .Geneva ConventionThe Geneva Convention consists of a series of pacts made after World War II to set up â€Å" regulations of war † ( Homes 2008 ) . The 1958 Geneva Convention said that in Continental shelf differences for states with next seashores should be determined by pulling a average line between the two seashores if no other understanding can be made ( Holmes 2008 ) . Although this understanding predates the UNCLOS, every state involved in the Arctic has ratified the convention, so the convention would be used if the UNCLOS could non convert the involved states to hold.International Maritime OrganizationThe International Maritime Organization may non hold any official power, yet they still adopted a set of guidelines for transporting operations in the Arctic Ocean called Guidelines for Ships Operating in Ice Covered Arctic Waters ( Berkman 2009 ) . These guidelines are followed by every major state involved in transporting in the Arctic, but an international government organic structure needs to put official ordinances for the Arctic, because deficiency of ordin ance is certain to go a job as traffic additions.Northeast Atlantic Fisheries CommissionThe Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission regional piscary direction organisation ‘s is a regional understanding whose range is wide plenty for their understandings to cover a big part of the Arctic Basin. It is the lone official international organisation that covers pollution criterions in any portion of the Arctic ( Berkman 2009 ) . A development of this kind is needed to protect the big and alone ecosystem of the Arctic.ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSOffshore oil and gas geographic expedition in the Arctic Ocean poses several of import environmental hazards particularly in such a sensitive environment as the Arctic. Positioned at the top of the universe, the Arctic part provides many valuable natural resources such as fresh H2O, fishing, and rare home grounds for endangered species. The Arctic Archipelago is besides place to scarce populations of Eskimos and other colonists. The hazards chiefly a ssociated with offshore boring in the part involve possible oil spills and the pollutants generated during production operations. These factors can take to rough effects on homo and wildlife wellness along with the wellness of the environment.Oil SpillsDue to the recent BP calamity in the Gulf of Mexico in early 2010 and other memorable rig calamities, apprehensiveness about the oil and gas industry ‘s impact on the planet has grown. Production companies have become a mark of environmental groups all over the universe as they drill into the land and run out the Earth ‘s non-renewable resources. A immense consideration into prospective boring in the Arctic Ocean is the possibility of an oil spill, which could be particularly unsafe to the sensitive wildlife of the part. With the tough climatic and icy conditions of the Arctic, a big oil spill in the part could be a logistical incubus. The surveies and research about possible oil clean up in the Arctic focal points on the behaviour of oil in the cold clime to happen methods of remotion and simulation trials to analyse response times.Cold Temperatures and Ice BarriersResearch shows that the cold Arctic temperatures and presence of ice can assist to cut down environmental impacts and increase response effectivity. The cold Arctic Ocean changes the physical features and behaviour of oil in H2O. The equilibrium thickness of oil is greater in cold H2O intending the oil will remain centralized in a smaller country and spread less quickly. This benefits recovery by leting longer response times and raising removal per centums. Assorted hydrocarbons ‘ vaporization rates are reduced in low temperatures, giving response squads a greater opportunity to take more oil before these constituents disappear into the ambiance. Although the huge sum of ice in the Arctic Ocean hinders human mobilisation, blocks of ice can move as barriers to halt the oil from distributing, hence doing unmoved combustion and surface skimmers more effectual. High ice concentrations may besides encapsulate the spilled oil, maintaining the oil isolated from ecosystems until the toxic hydrocarbons are removed. Each of these features helps to better the effectivity of an oil spill killing ( Velez et al. 2010 ) .Response Simulation SurveiesCompanies and industry leaders have conducted several simulation undertakings to prove response times and killing processs given different variables and conditions. In their article, G. M. Skeie et Al. outlined a simulation survey to prove 1800 possible scenarios that could happen in the field. The research workers designed the survey to turn to possible results of an oil spill and analyse the effectivity of different responses. The scenarios featured variables such as â€Å" starting clip, shortest impetus clip to shore, weave conditions, and stranded oil sums † ( Skeie et al. 2006 ) . The squad calculated the environmental hazards and sum of oil stranded after fake respon se steps and used this information to compare the different response schemes. Several research plans and simulation surveies like this have been funded by â€Å" oil companies every bit good as other organisations, either independently, through Joint Industry Projects ( JIP ) , or as portion of an industry association † ( Velez et al. 2010 ) to better response methods and fix for these exigencies.Recovery SchemesThe possible oil spill recovery schemes are mechanical recovery, chemical dispersant applications and controlled combustion. Mechanical recovery methods deploy big oil-skimming vass that skim the oil off the ocean ‘s surface and utilize containment roars to forestall oil from distributing. Mechanical recovery is the most common and practical solution used in oil spill responses in the yesteryear ; nevertheless this method will confront challenges during periods of high ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean. On the other manus, chemical dispersants, which have b een â€Å" recognized worldwide as an environmentally acceptable and extremely efficient agencies of quickly extinguishing spilled oil offshore, † ( Velez et al. 2010 ) can be applied aerially and distribute by strong air currents and beckon action. Research and field trials have proven these dispersants to be effectual in the rough Arctic conditions, despite misconceptions. In-situ ( Latin for â€Å" in topographic point † ) combustion besides offers another valuable option to mechanical recovery that can take spilled oil rapidly and expeditiously. Burning techniques are besides really effectual for scenarios with high ice concentrations or when big sums of oil are trapped in ice. By-products of firing oil have minimal harmful aquatic effects. Research shows that although the Arctic is a extremely sensitive and ambitious environment, the idea of cleaning up an oil spill in the Arctic Ocean is non hideous despite popular public sentiment. Companies and industry leaders have devoted clip and support to fix for an exigency and to analyze the environmental hazards of an oil spill in the Arctic.Operational PollutantsLarge volumes of waste merchandises and risky air pollutants are generated during seaward production operations. This subdivision identifies the environmental menaces associated with these pollutants.Drilling WastesAs Eia and Hernandez province in their article, â€Å" A major issue facing operators today is the big volume of greasy waste liquids produced during well operations † ( Eia and Hernandez 2006 ) . The waste watercourse excreted by production operations includes boring clay or fluids, produced Waterss, and bore film editings. Each of these merchandises contains variable composings of toxic chemicals that can infect the environment and harm aquatic life. Technology betterments in boring and production processs have greatly decreased boring waste volumes, â€Å" as today, industry adds 2 to 4 times more oil and gas to the US modesty base per good than in the 1980saˆÂ ¦with 65 per centum less waste being generated † ( Rana 2008 ) . However, the environmental impact due to each production Wellss ‘ waste watercourse, irrespective of the concentration of scarce toxic stuff, can non be ignored because on a expansive graduated table, these pollutants combine to bring forth a huge environmental footmark. Drilling claies are an indispensable portion of the boring and production procedure because the fluids lubricate and chill the drill spot and pipe, take drill film editings, and command bottom-hole force per unit areas. These fluids can either be water-based, oil-based, or man-made oil-based depending on the boring scenario, with oil-based fluids being the most toxic. The boring clay can incorporate many harmful chemical compounds and toxic stuffs, such as additives, oil, lubricating oil, and many radioactive elements. The waste fluids can respond with the environment through groundwater or surface H2O reservoirs, inadvertent release from intervention installations, soaking up into the dirt, or vaporisation of volatile constituents. The United States Environmental Protection Agency requires that boring claies transcending certain degrees of chemical concentrations are disposed of in onshore waste disposal installations or deep injection Wellss. However, boring wastes that do non run into this standard can either be taken to a landfill or released into the organic structure of H2O where the toxic stuff can respond with the environment ( Rana 2008 ) . Several companies have worked towards â€Å" boring and completion fluids that are greener and more biodegradable † ( Eia, Hernandez 2006 ) . One such company is M-I SWACO, which invents boring and environmental solutions for Schlumberger, a big boring service company. During the oil and gas production procedure, produced Waterss such as formation H2O, injection H2O, or other industrial Waterss are generated in the well-hole with changing degrees of hydrocarbon concentrations. These Waterss besides contain hints of heavy metals and other chemical solutions, such as inhibitors and biocides, which prevent micro-organisms from moving of course. On site separation methods aim to take oil and toxic chemicals from the produced Waterss, nevertheless fractional composings remain irrespective of separation effectivity. The staying dissolved hydrocarbons and other chemicals become pollutants when the produced Waterss are discharged into the organic structure of H2O, â€Å" volumes of such discharges reach 1000s of dozenss of oil a twelvemonth, † ( Rana 2008 ) on a world-wide graduated table. Companies frequently dispose of produced H2O with potentially unsafe composings in deep aquifers isolated from groundwater reservoirs, nevertheless inadvertent re lease is still a menace to be considered.Gas EmissionsNatural gas sedimentations normally contain unsafe gases such as methane, H sulphide, and other volatile organic compounds. When reservoir force per unit areas are high, which is surely possible in the deep militias of the Arctic Ocean, runawaies and detonations become unsafe environmental menaces because of gas emanations. Flaring is another procedure that can let go of unsafe compounds into the ambiance ; flaring is utilised to command force per unit area malfunctions and to divide oil and gas composings by firing off and let go ofing extra reservoir gases. The gases released during flame uping can include sulfur dioxide, benzine, nitrogen oxide and methylbenzene, which are responsible for several human wellness jobs. S. Rana predicts that â€Å" a individual offshore rig emits the same measure of pollution as 7000 autos driving 80 kilometres a twenty-four hours. † Another fright related to gas emanations is the add-on of harmful chemical compounds to the planet ‘s agony atmosphere and ozone bed. All the recent attending to planetary heating and the Arctic ‘s runing ice caps raises consciousness of gas emanations. Future production undertakings in the Arctic Ocean are traveling to be watched acutely for environmental errors and operational impacts. Before mass boring in the Arctic can take topographic point, gas emanations have to be reduced or eliminated wholly, or the liquescent ice conditions will decline. There are a few chief environmental hazards associated with Arctic boring: the impact on the environing environment ; the danger for the endangered and sensitive wildlife of the part ; and the hazard of harming human populations. Large volumes of toxic chemicals can organize in the Arctic if careful environmental protection programs are non taken to cut down toxicity degrees and to forestall oil spills. High concentrations of toxic chemicals can turn throughout the nutrient concatenation, jeopardizing wildlife and aquatic species, and finally endangering human populations. If gas emanations are non cut off wholly, the ambiance will endure from increasing nursery gases taking to human wellness jeopardies and endangering planetary heating conditions.Drilling IN THE ARCTICHistorically, boring economically executable Wellss in the Arctic was hard due to extreme conditions conditions, environmental concerns, and the deficiency of boring engineering. However, technological promotions have created several feasible chances to bore Wellss in countries of the Arctic that were ab initio seen as wasteful due to the high costs of boring and production operations.Onshore Drilling in the ArcticOne of the chief jobs with boring and finishing an onshore well in the Arctic is happening a manner for the rig and its workers to execute at a high degree while covering with the utmost conditions conditions and clip restraints. The Alaskan boring season was comprised of 130 available boring yearss, get downing in late December and normally go oning through late April, doing finishing a well from start to complete really hard. Access to the Arctic tundra is non possible until around mid – December, hence rig can non get down boring until late December and so normally finish boring about May 1st, which is the cause for the short boring season. The mean onshore good in the Arctic, get downing with the mobilisation of the rig and coating with the demobilisation of the rig, requires 90 yearss to finish which allows for about one well, per rig, per season to be drilled. The bulk of those 90 yearss were used in set uping up and set uping down on the well site and non the existent boring of the well ( Shafer 2007 ) . Besides, highly cold temperatures pose one of the largest menaces to set up in the Arctic, because the ability of a rig to execute in highly cold conditions and trade with onsite jobs is indispensable to the boring operation being successful. Low temperatures and ice can decelerate, or even halt, all boring on a well site and waste big sums of money because no work is being done ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) .Hybrid Coil Tubing Drilling RigOne proposed thought to rush up good completion clip was to utilize a intercrossed spiral tubing boring rig ( CTD rig ) that was smaller and quicker to set up up and set up down. A CTD rig has the ability to bore conventionally, bore utilizing a rotary drill, and bore utilizing coiled tubing doing a CTD rig an effectua l option in several different conditions environments ( Shafer 2007 ) . Furthermore, extinguishing the sum of truck tonss traveling back and Forth from drill sites to refineries more than 50 stat mis is indispensable because day-to-day transit costs could sometimes be the day-to-day boring costs ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . A CTD rig significantly reduces the sum of tonss needed to finish a well because the rig has fewer parts and can be operational in less than an hr after geting onsite. There are downsides to the CTD rig nevertheless ; CTD rigs were non originally designed for the Arctic, lack some of the protection a larger rig provides to it workers and do non hold the ability to bore past 7200 pess. The CTD rig has yet to happen a solution to covering with the cold temperatures while remaining operational. If the temperature drops below -350F, so all the Cranes will be shut down because the Cranes become brickle due to the cold. This job has troubled oil and gas geographic expedition in the Arctic throughout history and still causes job today. During the 2006 Alaskan boring season, from January to February, the mean temperature was -350F and the maximal temperature was -150F, which lowered the possible productiveness of Wellss while increasing the cost. While these challenges are important, overall the CTD rig could be a utile solution to happening an efficient rig to bore in the Arctic ( Shafer 2007 ) .Offshore Drilling in the ArcticWhile boring a good onshore o n the Arctic ice is a dashing undertaking, successfully boring an offshore well in the close – stop deading cold H2O is an even harder undertaking. Ice direction, limited boring deepness ranges, ice – filled Waterss, limited boring seasons, and exposure to severe conditions are merely some of the major jobs that offshore boring units must fact to be successful.Offshore Boring Unit of measurements in the ArcticThe Arctic conditions are so rough that new boring units must be designed specifically for the rough Arctic conditions. The new designs must non merely be efficient, but besides economical for the company boring the well. Several different types of boring units were examined such as semisubmersible boring units, doodly-squat – up boring units, and drillships. The semisubmersible boring units were rapidly ousted because the riser column had jobs with ice buildup, several infrastructures were left unfastened to the harsh conditions, and the unit took to hanke r to transport. The doodly-squat – up rig was besides deemed as unacceptable because its lattice legs were unfastened to the environment and had major ice buildup jobs. In add-on, transit of the unit took excessively much clip. Evaluation of the drillship showed that its capablenesss make the drillship the most logical pick as a possible solution. The drillship has a big hull that protects the riser column from ice buildup, and is able to transport itself expeditiously. The drillship solution besides offers self sufficiency for periods up to 8 months ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) .Logisticss of DrillshipsThere were several facets that were considered in the designs for a new drill drillship. The first job that interior decorators dealt with was the structural design. The bulk of conventional drillships had antecedently had their infrastructure and topside constructions, such as the derrick, made individually from the remainder of the ship and so loaded on the ship once its buildi ng was finished. Most of the individually constructed pieces needed extra conditions coverings to protect the ship ‘s workers, but the coverings added important sums of weight to the ship and took up unneeded infinite ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . Another issue taken into consideration is the altering ice conditions, which lead to the demand for a drillship that had a manner to cover with ice rapidly plenty to transport itself expeditiously while minimising transit costs. Additionally, there is a demand for a system that could maintain the ship accurately onsite while besides covering with the environmental conditions ( Allan et al. 2009 ) . While there are many logistical jobs that drillships brush with boring Wellss in the Arctic, we will concentrate on the stated jobs because they are the most relevant to the proposed solution.The Arctic Class MODU DrillshipAfter all the different jobs and possible boring reverses in the Arctic were taken into consideration, the Arctic Class Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit ( MODU ) Drillship was proposed as a solution ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Structural DesignThe interior decorators constructed the MODU Drillship to include the individually constructed infrastructures and topside constructions and by incorporating these constructions into the hull off the ship and around a cardinal well building country ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . By incorporating the infrastructures and topside constructions into the hull, interior decorators greatly increased the hull ‘s cardinal hull lading ability and structural unity. This design besides eliminated the demand for many of the dearly-won conditions protection constructions because the constructions were now protected by the hull ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Ice Management and TransportationThe following component interior decorators dealt with was the drillships transit capablenesss and ice direction scheme. The hull of the MODU Drillship, combined with pod – pushers to impel the ship, proved to be strong plenty to interrupt through the bulk of the ice necessary to acquire to boring locations. Risk appraisal shortly showed that non utilizing an iceboat bodyguard would be an ailment advised determination. Therefore the usage of ice ledgeman bodyguards determined the drillships ability to hasten the transit clip to location in ice filled Waterss ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Keeping the Drillship OnsiteSeveral different types of positioning systems were evaluated for the MODU Drillship. A moorage system proved to be the lone type that would work efficaciously. A big part of the Arctic Waterss are considered to be shallow H2O boring locations and a dynamic placement system, in shallow H2O, could non supply plenty truth for the drillship to be effectual. After several surveies with different types of stuffs used in the moorage system and the constellation of the system, a 12 point moorage system that is arranged in four groups with three lines of ironss per group prove d to be the best solution. Several stuffs to utilize for lines were tested and the usage of ironss proved to be the best solution for the MODU Drillship because the drillships could manage heavy tonss, and the environment had the least consequence on the drillship itself. The four groups would so be set up equally spaced around the drillship so that they could work every bit good as possible. While different variables such as H2O deepness and environmental conditions finally determine what the best placement system for the state of affairs, the 12 point moorage system seemed the most logical and effectual for the MODU Drillship ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .